Tamil sangam literature for upsc

 Tamil sangam literature for upsc Tamil language is supposedly close to Sanskrit, specially in terms of the grammar and borrowing of words. the most famous literature in tamil and classical work or sangam literature.

Sangam means fraternity. This literature is a collection of works that contains approx .2381 poem , 473 poets . The poets included men and women from different classes of society. 

Period 300 BC and 300 AD, during most of these were composed and compiled is often called Sangam Period .   

Patinenmelkanakku
  1. Works composed between 200 BCE to 100 BCE
  2. Oldest surviving Tamil poetry
Patinenkilkanakku
  1. Works composed between 100 CE and 500 CE
  2. Collection of 18 poetry compositions
  3. Mostly composed before the age of the Pallavas
  4. Chief works include Thirukkural, Palamoli, Naladiyar, etc.

2 major school of Sangam literature

Aham/Agam- inner field and concentrate on the abstract discussion of human aspects like love , sexual relation etc

Puram - outer field which discuss the human experience like social life, ethics ,valour , custom etc.

The literature bears Sangam name because it was an assembly where organised by pandya kings

3 sangam were organised over a period of 600 -700 years

Historical account of 1st two sangam were not available.

First sangam - organized by Pandya kundon at Madurai. Chairman was Agstya . No book has survived , used Agattiyam as Grammar

2nd sangam - pandya kingdom at kapatapuram , around 2000 poems were collected and compiled into Tolkappiyam

Tolkappiyam is a text book on tamil grammar and poetry giving the inflection and syntax of words and sentences and also included classification of habitats, animals, plants and the human beings. 

  • The work is divided into three sections, each section further divided into nine chapters.
  • Contains a total of 1612 sutras which are extensive in their range.
  • Sanskrit influence on this work is peripheral and very little.


3rd sangam -pandaya kingdom at madurai ,under Nakkirar , most of the existing corpus of sangam literature was written.

Sanam literature around 30,000 lines of poetry has been arranged in 8 anthologies called Ettuthogai. The Eight Anthologies, known as Eṭṭuttokai or "Eight Collections" in the literature, is a classical Tamil poetic work that forms part of the Eighteen Greater Texts anthology series of the Sangam Literature. The Eight Anthologies and its companion anthology, the Ten Idylls, is the oldest available Tamil literature.

The compositions of the third Sangam are classified into eight anthologies known as Ettuttokoi/Ettuthokai and ten idylls known as Pattuppattu.

Ettuthokai

It consists of the following works:

  1. Narrinai
  2. Kuruntogai
  3. Ainkurunuru (composed by Gudalur Mar)
  4. Padirruppattu
  5. Paripadal
  6. Kalittogai
  7. Ahanuru (compiled by Rudrasarman)
  8. Purananuru

Pattuppattu

It consists of the following works:

  1. Murugatrupadai (composed by Nakkirar)
  2. Sirupanarruppadai
  3. Perumbanarruppadai
  4. Pattinappalai
  5. Maduraikkanji
  6. Porunararrupadai
  7. Kurinchippattu
  8. Nedunalvadai
  9. Malaipadukadam
  10. Mullaippattu

Famous tamil saint triruvallur was written Tirukkural ,it has been now translated in several language and divided into 3 parts - epics, love and polity- governance

Famous female saint who contribute d of sangam literature is Avvaiyar

2 epics of sangam literature written in 6th century A.D

Silppadikaram - tale of an anklet , written by Ilango Adigal 

Manimekalai - story of Manimekalai written by sattanar

Both are focus on the tamil society , economic and political changes

12 Alvar saint poets who were interested in the devotion of Vishnu , one of the alvar saint was a woman called Andal

Another important group of bhakti Shaivism called Nayanar

Secular tamil writing

Two major poets 

Periya puranam

Kambaramayanam


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